The joy of code: Finding repeated words

In a recent musing, I wrote about the problem of identifying repeated words in my writing. I claimed that it took me about ten minutes to write a short script to do so. Let’s see how.

I started by reflecting on the steps I’d have to use.

1. I know from experience that my life will be easier if I have one word per line. That means changing any sequences of non-word characters into newlines.

2. That technique is likely to create some blank lines. I also have blank lines in my original essay. I should delete those lines.

3. I don’t want to differentiate between The and the, so I should turn all uppercase letters into lowercase.

4. It is likely easier to count if I put the words into alphabetical order. Doing so ensures that I can look for neighboring lines that are the same.

5. I should then do the central goal of this project: counting the number of times each word appears, and presenting a list of (word/count) pairs [1].

6. So that I can tell which words I use most, I should then put that list in order by count.

I also came up with a few other steps that are likely to be useful, but not strictly necessary [2].

So, let’s see how we do all of those steps, using this musing as an example.

I didn’t mention I need to start with the contents of the musing, but that’s really where I have to start. So, let’s see …

$ cat joc-counting-repeats.md
The joy of code: Finding repeated words
=======================================

In [a recent musing](grammarly-repeated-words), I wrote about the problem
of identifying repeated words in my writing.  I claimed that it took me
about ten minutes to write a short script to do so.  Let's see how.

I started by thinking about the steps I'd have to use.

1. I know from experience that my life will be easier if I have one word
...

Next, I need to insert a newline for the non-word characters. I tend to use sed, the stream editor, for non-interactive editing. I’ll start by identifying word characters. Those will be the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters [3], and the apostrophe [4,5]. In sed, I identify a set of characters by surrounding it with square brackets. I negate that set by putting a caret after the open bracket. So I’ll use [^a-zA-Z']. I want one or more copies, so I add a + at the end. I want to replace that pattern with a newline, which is represented as \n. Okay, here goes.

$ cat joc-counting-repeats.md \
   | sed -re "s/[^a-zA-Z']+/\n/g" 
The
joy
of
code
Finding
repeated
words



In
a
recent
musing
grammarly
repeated
words
I
wrote
...

As I predicted, I ended up with a bunch of blank lines. I didn’t think to get rid of the link, so the words in the link [6] appear in this list I should fix that problem. I’ll do so after I get the basic set of instructions working.

Let’s get rid of the blank lines. The grep program extracts lines from a file. The -v flag represents anything but. The pattern ^$ is a blank line [7].

$ cat joc-counting-repeats.md \
   | sed -re "s/[^a-zA-Z']+/\n/g" \
   | grep -v '^$' 
The
joy
of
code
Finding
repeated
words
In
a
recent
musing
grammarly
repeated
words
I
wrote
about
the
problem
of
...

Next, I want to turn uppercase letters into lowercase. While I could use sed, the tr program works nicely for single-letter substitutions. I’ll use that.

$ cat joc-counting-repeats.md \
   | sed -re "s/[^a-zA-Z']+/\n/g" \
   | grep -v '^$' \
   | tr [:upper:] [:lower:] 
the
joy
of
code
finding
repeated
words
in
...

That worked as well as I expected. Getting the words in alphabetical order is simple, as *nix has a built-in sort command.

$ cat joc-counting-repeats.md \
   | sed -re "s/[^a-zA-Z']+/\n/g" \
   | grep -v '^$' \
   | tr [:upper:] [:lower:] \
   | sort
'
'
'
'
'
a
a
a
a
a
...
a
about
about
about
about
about
about
about
about
add
after
after
all
all
all
alphabetical
alphabetical
...

Whoops! It appears that I left in some single quotation marks [8]. I wonder why [9]. In any case, I don’t really want them. I’ll add removing them to my list of future work.

Now I want to count. We’ve now hit the first tool that I don’t regularly use. Let’s see … a Web search tells me that uniq -c counts repeated lines, but only if they appear in sequence. Let’s try.

$ cat joc-counting-repeats.md \
   | sed -re "s/[^a-zA-Z']+/\n/g" \
   | grep -v '^$' \
   | tr [:upper:] [:lower:] \
   | sort \
   | uniq -c
     12 '
     32 a
     16 about
      3 add
      4 after
      6 all
      4 alphabetical
      3 also
      1 an
      7 and
      2 any
      2 anything
      2 apostrophe
      2 appear
      2 appears

Getting rid of the tick is definitely on my goal list! What next? I want these in order from most frequently occurring to least frequently occurring. That sounds like another job for sort. This time, I’m sorting numbers, and want them from largest to smallest, so I add the -nr flag [10].

$ cat joc-counting-repeats.md \
   | sed -re "s/[^a-zA-Z']+/\n/g" \
   | grep -v '^$' \
   | tr [:upper:] [:lower:] \
   | sort \
   | uniq -c \
   | sort -nr
     58 i
     48 the
     34 a
     26 to
     23 of
     22 that
     19 in
     17 about
     16 words
     15 '
     14 pre
...

You know what I just realized? By putting in the sample output, I’m changing my word counts significantly. Oh well, I guess that’s how things go when you’re writing an example late at night [11].

In any case, I am now done with the base program. I’ve gotten the counts of the individual words that appear in this musing [12]. If I were taking my editing seriously, I could now see where they appear to decide if I want to make changes to avoid too much unnecessary repetition [14].

I’ll leave the other minor [15] extensions to another day.

[1] I might also do count/word pairs, depending on how I feel.

[2] If I were releasing this program as a tool for others, I would work on making it a bit more precise.

[3] Maybe I should convert all uppercase to lowercase before I do anything else. Oh well, I did say that I wanted to do this quickly, and that I could improve it before releasing it to others.

[4] I’d like to support words like wouldn’t and it’s.

[5] Some people call the ' symbol tick. That’s certainly easier to pronounce than apostrophe.

[6] grammarly, repeated, and "words’.

[7] In this case, the caret represents the start of the line and the dollar sign represents the end of the line.

[8] a.k.a. ticks.

[9] Upon reflection, it’s because the term '^$' appears in multiple examples.

[10] The n is for numeric. The r is for reverse.

[11] It could be an interesting exercise to see how long it would take me to reach a fixed point.

[12] More precisely, in a sequence of versions of this musing.

[14] You should read the prior musing for my thoughts on repeated words.

[15] Or perhaps not so minor.