Overview
Note that your pictorial invariant should say something a bit clearer than
V V
[1, 4, 8, 3, 5, 9]
V
[1, 3, ?, ?, ?, ?]
In particular, I’d like something more like
+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| | | | |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| | | | |
X X X X X
+-------------+-------------------------+
| | |
+-------------+-------------------------+
| | |
X X X
or better yet
+--- ---+---------+---------+---------+---------+--- ---+
| . . . | | | | | . . . |
+--- ---+---------+---------+---------+---------+--- ---+
| | | | | | |
0 X X X X X length
+-------------+-------------------------+
| | |
+-------------+-------------------------+
| | |
0 X X