In the spirit of one of the meta-learning goals of the course, we’ll use these first weeks not just to learn the Java programming language but also the refine our skills at learning new programming languages. The jump from C to Java is no where near as dramatic as the jump from Racket to C, so we can use this opportunity to develop some best practices for migrating from language to language whether it’s from Java to C#, Java to Python, or to some more exotic languages.
We’ll be using Java 17 in this course. Java 17 may not be the default Java, so we will check. to Java 11.
a. Open a terminal window.
b. Type java --version.
If you see something like the following (using a 17 as the version), skip ahead to Part 1.
$ java --version
openjdk 17.0.7 2023-04-18
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 17.0.7+7-Debian-1deb11u1)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 17.0.7+7-Debian-1deb11u1, mixed mode, sharing)
If not, continue.
c. Type which java. You should see something like the followwing
$ which java
/usr/bin/java
d. Edit the file ~/.bashrc (aka /home/username/.bashrc) and add
the following line to the end.
export PATH=/usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk-amd64/bin:$PATH
d. In the terminal window, type source ~/.bashrc. This reloads
eour updated .bashrc file.
f. In the terminal window, type which java again. This time, you should see something like
the following.
$ which java
/usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk-amd64/bin/java
f. In the terminal window, type java --version. You should see
something like the following.
$ java --version
openjdk 17.0.7 2023-04-18
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 17.0.7+7-Debian-1deb11u1)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 17.0.7+7-Debian-1deb11u1, mixed mode, sharing)
When learning a new programming language, our first concern before worrying about how the programming language operates, i.e., its semantics, is how to get stuff to appear on the screen—anything! Imagine the computer program development process as a pipeline, a series of steps where the end result is a computer program. For Racket, the pipeline was very straightforward:
Type definitions Use those definitions
into DrRacket's ---> by typing expressions
definitions pane into DrRacket's
interactions pane
which is part of the reason we choose Racket/Scheme for CSC 151! C is a little bit more involved. In it’s simplest version, the C workflow is as follows.
Write complete Compile the Run the
C programs in ---> program ---> program
a text file using gcc
More frequently, we include at least one other step.
Write parts of Compile the Link the Run the
C program in ---> parts to .o ---> parts and any ---> program
text files with gcc libraries
C doesn’t have an interactive environment (commonly known as a REPL or a read-eval print loop) to try our C commands or expressions. Instead, we must write complete programs, compile them using a compiler, and run the resulting executable.
You may have recalled initially having difficult getting a program
to work because you messed up one of these steps—for example,
getting the syntax of a complete program wrong, not having your
source files in the correct place, or invoking gcc with the wrong
parameters. But once you had that template of a basic program and
the series of commands you needed to invoke, you were set!
Being a descendent of C, Java’s pipeline is nearly identical to the basic C pipeline.
Write complete Compile the Run the
Java programs in ---> program ---> program
a text file using javac using java
In fact, rather than using gcc, you simply use the javac program instead which compiles Java programs.
However, unlike gcc, the javac program produces a Java class file as output, a file with a .class extension.
This is not a standalone program like what gcc produces.
It is a file that contains Java bytecode which is your code in a low-level form that the Java virtual machine can execute.
The Java virtual machine is located in the java program which we can point at a .class file to run it.
For example, here is an example workflow for compiling at running the canonical “Hello World!” program:
$> ls
HelloWorld.java
$> javac HelloWorld.java
$> ls
HelloWorld.class HelloWorld.java
$> java HelloWorld
Hello World!
Note that when passing the .class file to the java program, you
do not specify the extension. java looks for a file called
HelloWorld.class for you!
(Hello World!). With this in mind, write the “Hello World!” program in Java (taken from the reading), compile it, and run it to verify that everything works!
When trying out a new language, you’ll run into plenty of errors and mistakes. This is helpful because while you might burn more time than you’d like fixing those problems initially, they become trivial to fix if you see them in the future (“oh, I recognize this error message from before—you just need to do this to fix it…”). However, once you’ve established your basic programming pipeline, it’s a good idea to explore the space and intentionally try to break it in various ways. Because you are starting from a good pipeline, you can diagnose the error immediately on top of knowing exactly what you did to cause it!
Answer this following set of questions by playing around with your working Hello World! program.
Note that you will not be turning in these answers. The questions are there to help you consider some of the things that go wrong when you try to build programs.
java with the .class extension?main different from Main)?main is not exactly as presented in the reading, e.g., different function name, return type, or argument name?public and static on the class and function declarations.
Which of these public and static keywords can you remove?
For the public and static keywords you can’t remove, what errors do you get?With a basic programming pipeline established, you are now in the position to begin writing real programs. Many programmers break down what they can do in a programming language into two buckets:
For solving more interesting problems, we’ll need external libraries (either the built-in libraries or some third-party libraries), for example, to perform file I/O or create graphics. But it is worthwhile to tackle the two buckets independently. In particular, learning what primitive operations the language provides gives you insight into how you should model your problems and structure your solutions.
Again, Java is a descendant of C, so much of these primitive operations are carried over without any changes. In particular, minus some slightly different syntax and subtly different semantics (which will be exposed as we write more Java):
are identical between Java and C.
With this in mind, try writing a program that solves the following problem:
(Fizzbuzz). Write a function public static void fizzbuzz(java.io.PrintWriter pen, int n) that takes an integer n and prints the integers from 0 to n (inclusive), one integer per line, using the specified PrintWriter.
However:
n is a multiple of 3, print fizz instead of the integer,n is a multiple of 5, print buzz instead of the integer, andn is both a multiple of 3 and 5, print fizzbuzz instead of the inter.For example, if n is 20, you would print
0
1
2
fizz
4
buzz
fizz
7
8
fizz
buzz
11
fizz
13
14
fizzbuzz
16
17
fizz
19
buzz
You should write this program in a Java file called Fizzbuzz.java.
Your main function should demonstrate the results of calling
fizzbuzz(new java.io.PrintWriter(System.out, true), 100);
You might also want to try calling
fizzbuzz(new java.io.PrintWriter(new java.io.File("kfuzz.txt"), 1000));
The fizzbuzz problem is an example of one of the standard programs PM tries to write whenever he learns a new language.
It’s ideal for this purpose because:
Over the course of the next few weeks, we’ll be working through some of the canonical programs that PM likes to write when learning a new language. Feel free to add these to your arsenal whenever you pick up a new language, too!
We should also explore some of the more significant, heavyweight features of Java and how they improve over what C provides.
One example of this is the array which is a data structure that holds a homogeneous (i.e., same type), fixed-size collection of values.
When working with a new type of data, you should always ask yourself the following two questions:
Luckily, the array syntax is largely identical to C:
T in Java is T[], e.g., int[] for an array of integers.For example, the following code snippet creates an array of 5 elements. The first initializes the array:
int[] arr1 = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }; // An array literal
int[] arr2 = new int[5]; // A "new" expression
Array indexing (arr1[0]) works identically to C.
Finally, one nice convenience is that Java arrays, unlike C arrays, know their own length:
pen.println(arr2.length); // Prints 5
With all this in mind, try writing some code to answer the following questions.
Once again, you will not be turning in this code. Instead, you are doing these problems to explore what does and does not typically work in a Java program.
int arr[5];
is how you declare an array with five elements in C. Note that there is no array literal or new expression present. What do you expect to happen if you try this with Java? i.e., declare a variable with an array type, do not use an array literal or new expression to initialize it, and then use that array. Try it to check.
(New Expressions). Note that the array literal allows you to specify the contents of the array (if you know them at compile time).
What value(s) does the new expression use to initialize each element of an array?
(Out-of-bounds). Recall that with C arrays, you are free to walk off the end of the array into arbitrary parts of memory (because an array is morally a pointer)! Can you do this in Java? If not, what error(s) do you get when you try to do this? Do the errors happen at compile time, or runtime? Can you think of a legitimate use case for walking off the end of an array?
Next, exercise your array manipulation skills on these problems.
For all of these problems, write your solutions in a class called ArrayProblems.
(Max). Write two functions, min(arr) and max(arr) that both take an array of integer as input and returns the minimum value and maximum value of the array, respectively.
Your main method should demonstrate that your two functions work over the following array {3, 7, -10, 2, 9, 1}.
(Range). Write a function, range(arr), that returns the range of the given array of integers.
The range of an array is the difference between its minimum and maximum value.
Your main method should demonstrate that your function works over the following array {3, 7, -10, 2, 9, 1}.
(Rev). Write a function, rev(arr), that takes an array of integers as input and mutates the array so that its elements are reversed.
Your main method should demonstrate that your function works over the following array {3, 7, -10, 2, 9, 1}.
(Longest Increasing Subsequence). Write a function longestIncreasingSubsequence(arr) that returns the size of the longest increasing subsequence found in the given array of integers.
For example, if the input array is {3, 7, -10, 2, 8, 9, 5, 1}, then the function returns 4 corresponding to the sub-sequence {-10, 2, 8, 9}.
Your main method should demonstrate that your function works on this sample array.
(Fib). Write a function memofib(n) that takes an integer n and returns an integer array of size n where the i-th element of that array contains the i-th fibonacci number.
For example, memofib(10) should return an integer array containing the elements {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55}.
Use a loop to do this computation instead of recursion.
Your main function should demonstrate the results of calling memofib(10).
Why is a loop preferable to a recursive approach to computing fib?
When you are done, submit ArrayProblems.java on GradeScope.
For additional problems to help you exercise a new programming language, we recommend checking out Project Euler which is a repository of math-based programming problems for you to solve. If you have gotten to this point, feel free to head over to Project Euler and try writing Java programs to solve the first couple of problems!