The
Project
Gutenberg
EBook
of
The
United
States
Constitution
by
Founding
Fathers
Copyright
laws
are
changing
all
over
the
world
Be
sure
to
check
the
copyright
laws
for
your
country
before
downloading
or
redistributing
this
or
any
other
Project
Gutenberg
eBook
This
header
should
be
the
first
thing
seen
when
viewing
this
Project
Gutenberg
file
Please
do
not
remove
it
Do
not
change
or
edit
the
header
without
written
permission
Please
read
the
legal
small
print
and
other
information
about
the
eBook
and
Project
Gutenberg
at
the
bottom
of
this
file
Included
is
important
information
about
your
specific
rights
and
restrictions
in
how
the
file
may
be
used
You
can
also
find
out
about
how
to
make
a
donation
to
Project
Gutenberg
and
how
to
get
involved
Welcome
To
The
World
of
Free
Plain
Vanilla
Electronic
Texts
eBooks
Readable
By
Both
Humans
and
By
Computers
Since
These
eBooks
Were
Prepared
By
Thousands
of
Volunteers
Title
The
United
States
Constitution
Author
Founding
Fathers
Release
Date
December
EBook
This
file
was
first
posted
on
August
Most
recently
updated
April
Edition
Language
English
Character
set
encoding
US
ASCII
START
OF
THE
PROJECT
GUTENBERG
EBOOK
THE
UNITED
STATES
CONSTITUTION
All
of
the
original
Project
Gutenberg
Etexts
from
the
s
were
produced
in
ALL
CAPS
no
lower
case
The
computers
we
used
then
didn
t
have
lower
case
at
all
These
original
Project
Gutenberg
Etexts
will
be
compiled
into
a
file
containing
them
all
in
order
to
improve
the
content
ratios
of
Etext
to
header
material
The
following
edition
of
The
Consitution
of
the
United
States
of
America
has
been
based
on
many
hours
of
study
of
a
variety
of
editions
and
will
include
certain
variant
spellings
punctuation
and
captialization
as
we
have
been
able
to
reasonable
ascertain
belonged
to
the
orginal
In
case
of
internal
discrepancies
in
these
matters
most
or
all
have
been
left
In
our
orginal
editions
the
letters
were
all
CAPITALS
and
we
did
not
do
anything
about
capitalization
consistent
or
otherwise
nor
with
most
of
the
punctuation
since
we
had
limited
punctionation
in
those
days
This
document
does
NOT
include
the
amendments
as
the
Bill
of
Rights
was
one
of
our
earlier
Project
Gutenberg
Etexts
and
the
others
will
be
sent
in
a
separate
posting
We
would
ask
that
any
Consitutional
scholars
would
please
take
a
minute
or
longer
to
send
us
a
note
concerning
possible
corrections
THE
CONSTITUTION
OF
THE
UNITED
STATES
OF
AMERICA
We
the
people
of
the
United
States
in
Order
to
form
a
more
perfect
Union
establish
Justice
insure
domestic
Tranquility
provide
for
the
common
defence
promote
the
general
Welfare
and
secure
the
Blessings
of
Liberty
to
ourselves
and
our
Posterity
do
ordain
and
establish
this
Constitution
for
the
United
States
of
America
Article
Section
All
legislative
Powers
herein
granted
shall
be
vested
in
a
Congress
of
the
United
States
which
shall
consist
of
a
Senate
and
House
of
Representatives
Section
The
House
of
Representatives
shall
be
composed
of
Members
chosen
every
second
Year
by
the
People
of
the
several
States
and
the
electors
in
each
State
shall
have
the
qualifications
requisite
for
electors
of
the
most
numerous
branch
of
the
State
legislature
No
Person
shall
be
a
Representative
who
shall
not
have
attained
to
the
Age
of
twenty
five
Years
and
been
seven
Years
a
citizen
of
the
United
States
and
who
shall
not
when
elected
be
an
Inhabitant
of
that
State
in
which
he
shall
be
chosen
Representatives
and
direct
Taxes
shall
be
apportioned
among
the
several
States
which
may
be
included
within
this
Union
according
to
their
respective
Numbers
which
shall
be
determined
by
adding
to
the
whole
number
of
free
Persons
including
those
bound
to
Service
for
a
Term
of
Years
and
excluding
Indians
not
taxed
three
fifths
of
all
other
Persons
The
actual
Enumeration
shall
be
made
within
three
Years
after
the
first
Meeting
of
the
Congress
of
the
United
States
and
within
every
subsequent
Term
of
ten
Years
in
such
Manner
as
they
shall
by
law
Direct
The
number
of
Representatives
shall
not
exceed
one
for
every
thirty
Thousand
but
each
State
shall
have
at
least
one
Representative
and
until
such
enumeration
shall
be
made
the
State
of
New
Hampshire
shall
be
entitled
to
chuse
three
Massachusetts
eight
Rhode
Island
and
Providence
Plantations
one
Connecticut
five
New
York
six
New
Jersey
four
Pennsylvania
eight
Delaware
one
Maryland
six
Virginia
ten
North
Carolina
five
South
Carolina
five
and
Georgia
three
When
vacancies
happen
in
the
Representation
from
any
State
the
Executive
Authority
thereof
shall
issue
Writs
of
Election
to
fill
such
Vacancies
The
House
of
Representatives
shall
chuse
their
Speaker
and
other
Officers
and
shall
have
the
sole
Power
of
Impeachment
Section
The
Senate
of
the
United
States
shall
be
composed
of
two
Senators
from
each
State
chosen
by
the
legislature
thereof
for
six
Years
and
each
Senator
shall
have
one
Vote
Immediately
after
they
shall
be
assembled
in
Consequence
of
the
first
Election
they
shall
be
divided
as
equally
as
may
be
into
three
Classes
The
Seats
of
the
Senators
of
the
first
Class
shall
be
vacated
at
the
expiration
of
the
second
Year
of
the
second
Class
at
the
expiration
of
the
fourth
Year
and
of
the
third
Class
at
the
expiration
of
the
sixth
Year
so
that
one
third
may
be
chosen
every
second
Year
and
if
vacancies
happen
by
Resignation
or
otherwise
during
the
recess
of
the
Legislature
of
any
State
the
Executive
thereof
may
make
temporary
Appointments
until
the
next
meeting
of
the
Legislature
which
shall
then
fill
such
Vacancies
No
person
shall
be
a
Senator
who
shall
not
have
attained
to
the
Age
of
thirty
Years
and
been
nine
Years
a
Citizen
of
the
United
States
and
who
shall
not
when
elected
be
an
Inhabitant
of
that
State
for
which
he
shall
be
chosen
The
Vice
President
of
the
United
States
shall
be
President
of
the
Senate
but
shall
have
no
Vote
unless
they
be
equally
divided
The
Senate
shall
choose
their
other
Officers
and
also
a
President
pro
tempore
in
the
Absence
of
the
Vice
President
or
when
he
shall
exercise
the
Office
of
President
of
the
United
States
The
Senate
shall
have
the
sole
Power
to
try
all
Impeachments
When
sitting
for
that
Purpose
they
shall
be
on
Oath
or
Affirmation
When
the
President
of
the
United
States
is
tried
the
Chief
Justice
shall
preside
And
no
Person
shall
be
convicted
without
the
Concurrence
of
two
thirds
of
the
Members
present
Judgment
in
cases
of
Impeachment
shall
not
extend
further
than
to
removal
from
Office
and
disqualification
to
hold
and
enjoy
any
Office
of
honor
Trust
or
Profit
under
the
United
States
but
the
Party
convicted
shall
nevertheless
be
liable
and
subject
to
Indictment
Trial
Judgment
and
Punishment
according
to
Law
Section
The
Times
Places
and
Manner
of
holding
Elections
for
Senators
and
Representatives
shall
be
prescribed
in
each
State
by
the
Legislature
thereof
but
the
Congress
may
at
any
time
by
Law
make
or
alter
such
Regulations
except
as
to
the
Places
of
chusing
Senators
The
Congress
shall
assemble
at
least
once
in
every
Year
and
such
Meeting
shall
be
on
the
first
Monday
in
December
unless
they
shall
by
law
appoint
a
different
Day
Section
Each
House
shall
be
the
Judge
of
the
Elections
Returns
and
Qualifications
of
its
own
Members
and
a
Majority
of
each
shall
constitute
a
Quorum
to
do
Business
but
a
smaller
Number
may
adjourn
from
day
to
day
and
may
be
authorized
to
compel
the
Attendance
of
absent
Members
in
such
Manner
and
under
such
Penalties
as
each
House
may
provide
Each
house
may
determine
the
Rules
of
its
Proceedings
punish
its
Members
for
disorderly
Behavior
and
with
the
Concurrence
of
two
thirds
expel
a
Member
Each
house
shall
keep
a
Journal
of
its
Proceedings
and
from
time
to
time
publish
the
same
excepting
such
Parts
as
may
in
their
Judgment
require
Secrecy
and
the
Yeas
and
Nays
of
the
Members
of
either
House
on
any
question
shall
at
the
Desire
of
one
fifth
of
those
Present
be
entered
on
the
Journal
Neither
House
during
the
Session
of
Congress
shall
without
the
Consent
of
the
other
adjourn
for
more
than
three
days
nor
to
any
other
Place
than
that
in
which
the
two
Houses
shall
be
sitting
Section
The
Senators
and
Representatives
shall
receive
a
Compensation
for
their
Services
to
be
ascertained
by
Law
and
paid
out
of
the
Treasury
of
the
United
States
They
shall
in
all
Cases
except
Treason
Felony
and
Breach
of
the
Peace
be
privileged
from
Arrest
during
their
Attendance
at
the
Session
of
their
respective
Houses
and
in
going
to
and
returning
from
the
same
and
for
any
Speech
or
Debate
in
either
House
they
shall
not
be
questioned
in
any
other
Place
No
Senator
or
Representative
shall
during
the
Time
for
which
he
was
elected
be
appointed
to
any
civil
Office
under
the
authority
of
the
United
States
which
shall
have
been
created
or
the
Emoluments
whereof
shall
have
been
increased
during
such
time
and
no
Person
holding
any
Office
under
the
United
States
shall
be
a
Member
of
either
House
during
his
Continuance
in
Office
Section
All
Bills
for
raising
Revenue
shall
originate
in
the
House
of
Representatives
but
the
Senate
may
propose
or
concur
with
Amendments
as
on
other
Bills
Every
Bill
which
shall
have
passed
the
House
of
Representatives
and
the
Senate
shall
before
it
become
a
Law
be
presented
to
the
President
of
the
United
States
If
he
approve
he
shall
sign
it
but
if
not
he
shall
return
it
with
his
Objections
to
that
House
in
which
it
shall
have
originated
who
shall
enter
the
Objections
at
large
on
their
Journal
and
proceed
to
reconsider
it
If
after
such
Reconsideration
two
thirds
of
that
house
shall
agree
to
pass
the
Bill
it
shall
be
sent
together
with
the
Objections
to
the
other
House
by
which
it
shall
likewise
be
reconsidered
and
if
approved
by
two
thirds
of
that
House
it
shall
become
a
law
But
in
all
such
Cases
the
Votes
of
both
Houses
shall
be
determined
by
Yeas
and
Nays
and
the
Names
of
the
Persons
voting
for
and
against
the
Bill
shall
be
entered
on
the
Journal
of
each
House
respectively
If
any
Bill
shall
not
be
returned
by
the
President
within
ten
Days
Sundays
excepted
after
it
shall
have
been
presented
to
him
the
Same
shall
be
a
Law
in
like
Manner
as
if
he
had
signed
it
unless
the
Congress
by
their
Adjournment
prevent
its
Return
in
which
case
it
shall
not
be
a
Law
Every
Order
Resolution
or
Vote
to
which
the
Concurrence
of
the
Senate
and
House
of
Representatives
may
be
necessary
except
on
a
question
of
Adjournment
shall
be
presented
to
the
President
of
the
United
States
and
before
the
Same
shall
take
Effect
shall
be
approved
by
him
or
being
disapproved
by
him
shall
be
repassed
by
two
thirds
of
the
Senate
and
House
of
Representatives
according
to
the
Rules
and
Limitations
prescribed
in
the
Case
of
a
Bill
Section
The
Congress
shall
have
Power
to
lay
and
collect
Taxes
Duties
Imposts
and
Excises
to
pay
the
Debts
and
provide
for
the
common
Defence
and
general
Welfare
of
the
United
States
but
all
Duties
Imposts
and
Excises
shall
be
uniform
throughout
the
United
States
To
borrow
Money
on
the
credit
of
the
United
States
To
regulate
Commerce
with
foreign
Nations
and
among
the
several
States
and
with
the
Indian
Tribes
To
establish
an
uniform
Rule
of
Naturalization
and
uniform
Laws
on
the
subject
of
Bankruptcies
throughout
the
United
States
To
coin
Money
regulate
the
Value
thereof
and
of
foreign
Coin
and
fix
the
Standard
of
Weights
and
Measures
To
provide
for
the
Punishment
of
counterfeiting
the
Securities
and
current
Coin
of
the
United
States
To
establish
Post
Offices
and
Post
Roads
To
promote
the
Progress
of
Science
and
useful
Arts
by
securing
for
limited
Times
to
Authors
and
Inventors
the
exclusive
Right
to
their
respective
Writings
and
Discoveries
To
constitute
Tribunals
inferior
to
the
supreme
Court
To
define
and
punish
Piracies
and
Felonies
committed
on
the
high
Seas
and
Offenses
against
the
Law
of
Nations
To
declare
War
grant
Letters
of
Marque
and
Reprisal
and
make
Rules
concerning
Captures
on
Land
and
Water
To
raise
and
support
Armies
but
no
Appropriation
of
Money
to
that
Use
shall
be
for
a
longer
term
than
two
Years
To
provide
and
maintain
a
Navy
To
make
Rules
for
the
Government
and
Regulation
of
the
land
and
naval
Forces
To
provide
for
calling
forth
the
Militia
to
execute
the
Laws
of
the
Union
suppress
Insurrections
and
repel
Invasions
To
provide
for
organizing
arming
and
disciplining
the
Militia
and
for
governing
such
Part
of
them
as
may
be
employed
in
the
Service
of
the
United
States
reserving
to
the
States
respectively
the
Appointment
of
the
Officers
and
the
Authority
of
training
the
militia
according
to
the
discipline
prescribed
by
Congress
To
exercise
exclusive
Legislation
in
all
Cases
whatsoever
over
such
District
not
exceeding
ten
Miles
square
as
may
by
Cession
of
particular
States
and
the
Acceptance
of
Congress
become
the
Seat
of
the
Government
of
the
United
States
and
to
exercise
like
Authority
over
all
Places
purchased
by
the
Consent
of
the
Legislature
of
the
State
in
which
the
Same
shall
be
for
the
Erection
of
Forts
Magazines
Arsenals
Dockyards
and
other
needful
Buildings
And
To
make
all
Laws
which
shall
be
necessary
and
proper
for
carrying
into
Execution
the
foregoing
Powers
and
all
other
Powers
vested
by
this
Constitution
in
the
Government
of
the
United
States
or
in
any
Department
or
Officer
thereof
Section
The
Migration
or
Importation
of
such
Persons
as
any
of
the
States
now
existing
shall
think
proper
to
admit
shall
not
be
prohibited
by
the
Congress
prior
to
the
Year
one
thousand
eight
hundred
and
eight
but
a
Tax
or
Duty
may
be
imposed
on
such
Importation
not
exceeding
ten
dollars
for
each
Person
The
Privilege
of
the
Writ
of
Habeas
Corpus
shall
not
be
suspended
unless
when
in
Cases
of
Rebellion
or
Invasion
the
public
Safety
may
require
it
No
Bill
of
Attainder
or
ex
post
facto
Law
shall
be
passed
No
Capitation
or
other
direct
Tax
shall
be
laid
unless
in
Proportion
to
the
Census
or
Enumeration
herein
before
directed
to
be
taken
No
Tax
or
Duty
shall
be
laid
on
Articles
exported
from
any
State
No
Preference
shall
be
given
by
any
Regulation
of
Commerce
or
Revenue
to
the
Ports
of
one
State
over
those
of
another
nor
shall
Vessels
bound
to
or
from
one
State
be
obliged
to
enter
clear
or
pay
Duties
in
another
No
Money
shall
be
drawn
from
the
Treasury
but
in
Consequence
of
Appropriations
made
by
Law
and
a
regular
Statement
and
Account
of
the
Receipts
and
Expenditures
of
all
public
Money
shall
be
published
from
time
to
time
No
Title
of
Nobility
shall
be
granted
by
the
United
States
and
no
Person
holding
any
Office
of
Profit
or
Trust
under
them
shall
without
the
Consent
of
the
Congress
accept
of
any
present
Emolument
Office
or
Title
of
any
kind
whatever
from
any
King
Prince
or
foreign
State
Section
No
State
shall
enter
into
any
Treaty
Alliance
or
Confederation
grant
Letters
of
Marque
and
Reprisal
coin
Money
emit
Bills
of
Credit
make
any
Thing
but
gold
and
silver
Coin
a
Tender
in
Payment
of
Debts
pass
any
Bill
of
Attainder
ex
post
facto
Law
or
Law
impairing
the
Obligation
of
Contracts
or
grant
any
Title
of
Nobility
No
State
shall
without
the
Consent
of
the
Congress
lay
any
Imposts
or
Duties
on
Imports
or
Exports
except
what
may
be
absolutely
necessary
for
executing
it
s
inspection
Laws
and
the
net
Produce
of
all
Duties
and
Imposts
laid
by
any
State
on
Imports
or
Exports
shall
be
for
the
Use
of
the
Treasury
of
the
United
States
and
all
such
Laws
shall
be
subject
to
the
Revision
and
Controul
of
the
Congress
No
State
shall
without
the
Consent
of
Congress
lay
any
Duty
of
Tonnage
keep
Troops
or
Ships
of
War
in
time
of
Peace
enter
into
any
Agreement
or
Compact
with
another
State
or
with
a
foreign
Power
or
engage
in
War
unless
actually
invaded
or
in
such
imminent
Danger
as
will
not
admit
of
delay
ARTICLE
Section
The
executive
Power
shall
be
vested
in
a
President
of
the
United
States
of
America
He
shall
hold
his
Office
during
the
Term
of
four
Years
and
together
with
the
Vice
President
chosen
for
the
same
Term
be
elected
as
follows
Each
State
shall
appoint
in
such
Manner
as
the
Legislature
thereof
may
direct
a
Number
of
Electors
equal
to
the
whole
Number
of
Senators
and
Representatives
to
which
the
State
may
be
entitled
in
the
Congress
but
no
Senator
or
Representative
or
Person
holding
an
Office
of
Trust
or
Profit
under
the
United
States
shall
be
appointed
an
Elector
The
Electors
shall
meet
in
their
respective
States
and
vote
by
Ballot
for
two
Persons
of
whom
one
at
least
shall
not
be
an
Inhabitant
of
the
same
State
with
themselves
And
they
shall
make
a
List
of
all
the
Persons
voted
for
and
of
the
Number
of
Votes
for
each
which
List
they
shall
sign
and
certify
and
transmit
sealed
to
the
Seat
of
the
Government
of
the
United
States
directed
to
the
President
of
the
Senate
The
President
of
the
Senate
shall
in
the
Presence
of
the
Senate
and
House
of
Representatives
open
all
the
Certificates
and
the
Votes
shall
then
be
counted
The
Person
having
the
greatest
Number
of
Votes
shall
be
the
President
if
such
Number
be
a
Majority
of
the
whole
Number
of
Electors
appointed
and
if
there
be
more
than
one
who
have
such
Majority
and
have
an
equal
Number
of
votes
then
the
House
of
Representatives
shall
immediately
chuse
by
Ballot
one
of
them
for
President
and
if
no
Person
have
a
Majority
then
from
the
five
highest
on
the
List
the
said
House
shall
in
like
Manner
chuse
the
President
But
in
chusing
the
President
the
Votes
shall
be
taken
by
States
the
Representation
from
each
State
having
one
Vote
a
Quorum
for
this
Purpose
shall
consist
of
a
Member
or
Members
from
two
thirds
of
the
States
and
a
Majority
of
all
the
States
shall
be
necessary
to
a
Choice
In
every
Case
after
the
Choice
of
the
President
the
Person
having
the
greatest
Number
of
Votes
of
the
Electors
shall
be
the
Vice
President
But
if
there
should
remain
two
or
more
who
have
equal
Votes
the
Senate
shall
chuse
from
them
by
Ballot
the
Vice
President
The
Congress
may
determine
the
Time
of
chusing
the
Electors
and
the
Day
on
which
they
shall
give
their
Votes
which
Day
shall
be
the
same
throughout
the
United
States
No
Person
except
a
natural
born
Citizen
or
a
Citizen
of
the
United
States
at
the
time
of
the
Adoption
of
this
Constitution
shall
be
eligible
to
the
Office
of
President
neither
shall
any
Person
be
eligible
to
that
Office
who
shall
not
have
attained
to
the
Age
of
thirty
five
Years
and
been
fourteen
Years
a
Resident
within
the
United
States
In
Case
of
the
Removal
of
the
President
from
Office
or
of
his
Death
Resignation
or
Inability
to
discharge
the
Powers
and
Duties
of
the
said
Office
the
Same
shall
devolve
on
the
Vice
President
and
the
Congress
may
by
Law
provide
for
the
Case
of
Removal
Death
Resignation
or
Inability
both
of
the
President
and
Vice
President
declaring
what
Officer
shall
then
act
as
President
and
such
Officer
shall
act
accordingly
until
the
Disability
be
removed
or
a
President
shall
be
elected
The
President
shall
at
stated
Times
receive
for
his
Services
a
Compensation
which
shall
neither
be
encreased
nor
diminished
during
the
Period
for
which
he
shall
have
been
elected
and
he
shall
not
receive
within
that
Period
any
other
Emolument
from
the
United
States
or
any
of
them
Before
he
enter
on
the
Execution
of
his
Office
he
shall
take
the
following
Oath
or
Affirmation
I
do
solemnly
swear
or
affirm
that
I
will
faithfully
execute
the
Office
of
President
of
the
United
States
and
will
to
the
best
of
my
Ability
preserve
protect
and
defend
the
Constitution
of
the
United
States
Section
The
President
shall
be
Commander
in
Chief
of
the
Army
and
Navy
of
the
United
States
and
of
the
Militia
of
the
several
States
when
called
into
the
actual
Service
of
the
United
States
he
may
require
the
Opinion
in
writing
of
the
principal
Officer
in
each
of
the
executive
Departments
upon
any
Subject
relating
to
the
Duties
of
their
respective
Offices
and
he
shall
have
Power
to
grant
Reprieves
and
Pardons
for
Offenses
against
the
United
States
except
in
Cases
of
impeachment
He
shall
have
Power
by
and
with
the
Advice
and
Consent
of
the
Senate
to
make
Treaties
provided
two
thirds
of
the
Senators
present
concur
and
he
shall
nominate
and
by
and
with
the
Advice
and
Consent
of
the
Senate
shall
appoint
Ambassadors
other
public
Ministers
and
Consuls
Judges
of
the
supreme
Court
and
all
other
Officers
of
the
United
States
whose
Appointments
are
not
herein
otherwise
provided
for
and
which
shall
be
established
by
Law
but
the
Congress
may
by
Law
vest
the
Appointment
of
such
inferior
Officers
as
they
think
proper
in
the
President
alone
in
the
Courts
of
Law
or
in
the
Heads
of
Departments
The
President
shall
have
Power
to
fill
up
all
Vacancies
that
may
happen
during
the
Recess
of
the
Senate
by
granting
Commissions
which
shall
expire
at
the
End
of
their
next
session
Section
He
shall
from
time
to
time
give
to
the
Congress
Information
of
the
State
of
the
Union
and
recommend
to
their
Consideration
such
Measures
as
he
shall
judge
necessary
and
expedient
he
may
on
extraordinary
Occasions
convene
both
Houses
or
either
of
them
and
in
Case
of
Disagreement
between
them
with
Respect
to
the
Time
of
Adjournment
he
may
adjourn
them
to
such
Time
as
he
shall
think
proper
he
shall
receive
Ambassadors
and
other
public
Ministers
he
shall
take
Care
that
the
Laws
be
faithfully
executed
and
shall
Commission
all
the
Officers
of
the
United
States
Section
The
President
Vice
President
and
all
civil
Officers
of
the
United
States
shall
be
removed
from
Office
on
Impeachment
for
and
Conviction
of
Treason
Bribery
or
other
high
Crimes
and
Misdemeanors
ARTICLE
THREE
Section
The
judicial
Power
of
the
United
States
shall
be
vested
in
one
supreme
Court
and
in
such
inferior
Courts
as
the
Congress
may
from
time
to
time
ordain
and
establish
The
Judges
both
of
the
supreme
and
inferior
Courts
shall
hold
their
Offices
during
good
behavior
and
shall
at
stated
Times
receive
for
their
Services
a
Compensation
which
shall
not
be
diminished
during
their
Continuance
in
Office
Section
The
judicial
Power
shall
extend
to
all
Cases
in
Law
and
Equity
arising
under
this
Constitution
the
Laws
of
the
United
States
and
Treaties
made
or
which
shall
be
made
under
their
Authority
to
all
Cases
affecting
Ambassadors
other
public
Ministers
and
Consuls
to
all
Cases
of
admiralty
and
maritime
Jurisdiction
to
Controversies
to
which
the
United
States
shall
be
a
Party
to
Controversies
between
two
or
more
States
between
a
State
and
Citizens
of
another
State
between
Citizens
of
different
States
between
Citizens
of
the
same
State
claiming
Lands
under
Grants
of
different
States
and
between
a
State
or
the
Citizens
thereof
and
foreign
States
Citizens
or
Subjects
In
all
cases
affecting
Ambassadors
other
public
Ministers
and
Consuls
and
those
in
which
a
State
shall
be
Party
the
supreme
Court
shall
have
original
Jurisdiction
In
all
the
other
Cases
before
mentioned
the
supreme
Court
shall
have
appellate
Jurisdiction
both
as
to
Law
and
Fact
with
such
Exceptions
and
under
such
Regulations
as
the
Congress
shall
make
The
Trial
of
all
Crimes
except
in
Cases
of
Impeachment
shall
be
by
Jury
and
such
Trial
shall
be
held
in
the
State
where
the
said
Crimes
shall
have
been
committed
but
when
not
committed
within
any
State
the
Trial
shall
be
at
such
Place
or
Places
as
the
Congress
may
by
Law
have
directed
Section
Treason
against
the
United
States
shall
consist
only
in
levying
War
against
them
or
in
adhering
to
their
Enemies
giving
them
Aid
and
Comfort
No
Person
shall
be
convicted
of
Treason
unless
on
the
Testimony
of
two
Witnesses
to
the
same
overt
Act
or
on
Confession
in
open
Court
The
Congress
shall
have
power
to
declare
the
punishment
of
Treason
but
no
Attainder
of
Treason
shall
work
Corruption
of
Blood
or
Forfeiture
except
during
the
Life
of
the
Person
attainted
ARTICLE
FOUR
Section
Full
Faith
and
Credit
shall
be
given
in
each
State
to
the
public
Acts
Records
and
judicial
Proceedings
of
every
other
State
And
the
Congress
may
by
general
Laws
prescribe
the
Manner
in
which
such
Acts
Records
and
Proceedings
shall
be
proved
and
the
Effect
thereof
Section
The
Citizens
of
each
State
shall
be
entitled
to
all
Privileges
and
Immunities
of
Citizens
in
the
several
States
A
Person
charged
in
any
State
with
Treason
Felony
or
other
Crime
who
shall
flee
from
Justice
and
be
found
in
another
State
shall
on
Demand
of
the
executive
Authority
of
the
State
from
which
he
fled
be
delivered
up
to
be
removed
to
the
State
having
Jurisdiction
of
the
Crime
No
person
held
to
Service
or
Labor
in
one
State
under
the
Laws
thereof
escaping
into
another
shall
in
Consequence
of
any
Law
or
Regulation
therein
be
discharged
from
such
Service
or
Labor
But
shall
be
delivered
up
on
Claim
of
the
Party
to
whom
such
Service
or
Labor
may
be
due
Section
New
States
may
be
admitted
by
the
Congress
into
this
Union
but
no
new
States
shall
be
formed
or
erected
within
the
Jurisdiction
of
any
other
State
nor
any
State
be
formed
by
the
Junction
of
two
or
more
States
or
Parts
of
States
without
the
Consent
of
the
Legislatures
of
the
States
concerned
as
well
as
of
the
Congress
The
Congress
shall
have
Power
to
dispose
of
and
make
all
needful
Rules
and
Regulations
respecting
the
Territory
or
other
Property
belonging
to
the
United
States
and
nothing
in
this
Constitution
shall
be
so
construed
as
to
Prejudice
any
Claims
of
the
United
States
or
of
any
particular
State
Section
The
United
States
shall
guarantee
to
every
State
in
this
Union
a
Republican
Form
of
Government
and
shall
protect
each
of
them
against
Invasion
and
on
Application
of
the
Legislature
or
of
the
Executive
when
the
Legislature
cannot
be
convened
against
domestic
Violence
ARTICLE
FIVE
The
Congress
whenever
two
thirds
of
both
Houses
shall
deem
it
necessary
shall
propose
Amendments
to
this
Constitution
or
on
the
Application
of
the
Legislatures
of
two
thirds
of
the
several
States
shall
call
a
Convention
for
proposing
Amendments
which
in
either
Case
shall
be
valid
to
all
Intents
and
Purposes
as
Part
of
this
Constitution
when
ratified
by
the
Legislatures
of
three
fourths
of
the
several
States
or
by
Conventions
in
three
fourths
thereof
as
the
one
or
the
other
Mode
of
Ratification
may
be
proposed
by
the
Congress
Provided
that
no
Amendment
which
may
be
made
prior
to
the
Year
one
thousand
eight
hundred
and
eight
shall
in
any
Manner
affect
the
first
and
fourth
Clauses
in
the
ninth
Section
of
the
first
Article
and
that
no
State
without
its
Consent
shall
be
deprived
of
it
s
equal
Suffrage
in
the
Senate
ARTICLE
SIX
All
Debts
contracted
and
Engagements
entered
into
before
the
Adoption
of
this
Constitution
shall
be
as
valid
against
the
United
States
under
this
Constitution
as
under
the
Confederation
This
Constitution
and
the
Laws
of
the
United
States
which
shall
be
made
in
Pursuance
thereof
and
all
Treaties
made
or
which
shall
be
made
under
the
Authority
of
the
United
States
shall
be
the
supreme
Law
of
the
Land
and
the
Judges
in
every
State
shall
be
bound
thereby
any
Thing
in
the
Constitution
or
Laws
of
any
State
to
the
Contrary
notwithstanding
The
Senators
and
Representatives
before
mentioned
and
the
Members
of
the
several
State
Legislatures
and
all
executive
and
judicial
Officers
both
of
the
United
States
and
of
the
several
States
shall
be
bound
by
Oath
or
Affirmation
to
support
this
Constitution
but
no
religious
Test
shall
ever
be
required
as
a
Qualification
to
any
Office
or
public
Trust
under
the
United
States
ARTICLE
SEVEN
The
Ratification
of
the
Conventions
of
nine
States
shall
be
sufficient
for
the
Establishment
of
this
Constitution
between
the
States
so
ratifying
the
Same
Done
in
Convention
by
the
Unanimous
Consent
of
the
States
present
the
Seventeenth
Day
of
September
in
the
Year
of
our
Lord
one
thousand
seven
hundred
and
eighty
seven
and
of
the
Independence
of
the
United
States
of
America
the
Twelfth
In
Witness
whereof
We
have
hereunto
subscribed
our
Names
Go
WASHINGTON
Presid
and
deputy
from
Virginia
New
Hampshire
John
Langdon
Nicholas
Gilman
Massachusetts
Nathaniel
Gorham
Rufus
King
Connecticut
Wm
Saml
Johnson
Roger
Sherman
New
York
Alexander
Hamilton
New
Jersey
Wil
Livingston
David
Brearley
Wm
Paterson
Jona
Dayton
Pennsylvania
B
Franklin
Thomas
Mifflin
Robt
Morris
Geo
Clymer
Thos
FitzSimons
Jared
Ingersoll
James
Wilson
Gouv
Morris
Delaware
Geo
Read
Gunning
Bedford
jun
John
Dickinson
Richard
Bassett
Jaco
Broom
Maryland
James
Mchenry
Dan
of
St
Thos
Jenifer
Danl
Carroll
Virginia
John
Blair
James
Madison
Jr
North
Carolina
Wm
Blount
Rich
d
Dobbs
Spaight
Hu
Williamson
South
Carolina
J
Rutledge
Charles
Cotesworth
Pinckney
Charles
Pinckney
Pierce
Butler
Georgia
William
Few
Abr
Baldwin
Attest
William
Jackson
Secretary
END
OF
THE
PROJECT
GUTENBERG
EBOOK
THE
UNITED
STATES
CONSTITUTION
This
file
should
be
named
const
txt
or
const
zip
Corrected
EDITIONS
of
our
eBooks
get
a
new
NUMBER
const
txt
VERSIONS
based
on
separate
sources
get
new
LETTER
const
a
txt
Project
Gutenberg
eBooks
are
often
created
from
several
printed
editions
all
of
which
are
confirmed
as
Public
Domain
in
the
US
unless
a
copyright
notice
is
included
Thus
we
usually
do
not
keep
eBooks
in
compliance
with
any
particular
paper
edition
We
are
now
trying
to
release
all
our
eBooks
one
year
in
advance
of
the
official
release
dates
leaving
time
for
better
editing
Please
be
encouraged
to
tell
us
about
any
error
or
corrections
even
years
after
the
official
publication
date
Please
note
neither
this
listing
nor
its
contents
are
final
til
midnight
of
the
last
day
of
the
month
of
any
such
announcement
The
official
release
date
of
all
Project
Gutenberg
eBooks
is
at
Midnight
Central
Time
of
the
last
day
of
the
stated
month
A
preliminary
version
may
often
be
posted
for
suggestion
comment
and
editing
by
those
who
wish
to
do
so
Most
people
start
at
our
Web
sites
at
http
gutenberg
net
or
http
promo
net
pg
These
Web
sites
include
award
winning
information
about
Project
Gutenberg
including
how
to
donate
how
to
help
produce
our
new
eBooks
and
how
to
subscribe
to
our
email
newsletter
free
Those
of
you
who
want
to
download
any
eBook
before
announcement
can
get
to
them
as
follows
and
just
download
by
date
This
is
also
a
good
way
to
get
them
instantly
upon
announcement
as
the
indexes
our
cataloguers
produce
obviously
take
a
while
after
an
announcement
goes
out
in
the
Project
Gutenberg
Newsletter
http
www
ibiblio
org
gutenberg
etext
or
ftp
ftp
ibiblio
org
pub
docs
books
gutenberg
etext
Or
etext
or
Just
search
by
the
first
five
letters
of
the
filename
you
want
as
it
appears
in
our
Newsletters
Information
about
Project
Gutenberg
one
page
We
produce
about
two
million
dollars
for
each
hour
we
work
The
time
it
takes
us
a
rather
conservative
estimate
is
fifty
hours
to
get
any
eBook
selected
entered
proofread
edited
copyright
searched
and
analyzed
the
copyright
letters
written
etc
Our
projected
audience
is
one
hundred
million
readers
If
the
value
per
text
is
nominally
estimated
at
one
dollar
then
we
produce
million
dollars
per
hour
in
as
we
release
over
new
text
files
per
month
more
eBooks
in
for
a
total
of
We
are
already
on
our
way
to
trying
for
more
eBooks
in
If
they
reach
just
of
the
world
s
population
then
the
total
will
reach
over
half
a
trillion
eBooks
given
away
by
year
s
end
The
Goal
of
Project
Gutenberg
is
to
Give
Away
Trillion
eBooks
This
is
ten
thousand
titles
each
to
one
hundred
million
readers
which
is
only
about
of
the
present
number
of
computer
users
Here
is
the
briefest
record
of
our
progress
means
estimated
eBooks
Year
Month
July
January
January
August
October
December
December
November
October
November
December
November
January
The
Project
Gutenberg
Literary
Archive
Foundation
has
been
created
to
secure
a
future
for
Project
Gutenberg
into
the
next
millennium
We
need
your
donations
more
than
ever
As
of
February
contributions
are
being
solicited
from
people
and
organizations
in
Alabama
Alaska
Arkansas
Connecticut
Delaware
District
of
Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Massachusetts
Michigan
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New
Hampshire
New
Jersey
New
Mexico
New
York
North
Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode
Island
South
Carolina
South
Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West
Virginia
Wisconsin
and
Wyoming
We
have
filed
in
all
states
now
but
these
are
the
only
ones
that
have
responded
As
the
requirements
for
other
states
are
met
additions
to
this
list
will
be
made
and
fund
raising
will
begin
in
the
additional
states
Please
feel
free
to
ask
to
check
the
status
of
your
state
In
answer
to
various
questions
we
have
received
on
this
We
are
constantly
working
on
finishing
the
paperwork
to
legally
request
donations
in
all
states
If
your
state
is
not
listed
and
you
would
like
to
know
if
we
have
added
it
since
the
list
you
have
just
ask
While
we
cannot
solicit
donations
from
people
in
states
where
we
are
not
yet
registered
we
know
of
no
prohibition
against
accepting
donations
from
donors
in
these
states
who
approach
us
with
an
offer
to
donate
International
donations
are
accepted
but
we
don
t
know
ANYTHING
about
how
to
make
them
tax
deductible
or
even
if
they
CAN
be
made
deductible
and
don
t
have
the
staff
to
handle
it
even
if
there
are
ways
Donations
by
check
or
money
order
may
be
sent
to
PROJECT
GUTENBERG
LITERARY
ARCHIVE
FOUNDATION
North
West
Salt
Lake
City
UT
Contact
us
if
you
want
to
arrange
for
a
wire
transfer
or
payment
method
other
than
by
check
or
money
order
The
Project
Gutenberg
Literary
Archive
Foundation
has
been
approved
by
the
US
Internal
Revenue
Service
as
a
c
organization
with
EIN
Employee
Identification
Number
Donations
are
tax
deductible
to
the
maximum
extent
permitted
by
law
As
fund
raising
requirements
for
other
states
are
met
additions
to
this
list
will
be
made
and
fund
raising
will
begin
in
the
additional
states
We
need
your
donations
more
than
ever
You
can
get
up
to
date
donation
information
online
at
http
www
gutenberg
net
donation
html
If
you
can
t
reach
Project
Gutenberg
you
can
always
email
directly
to
Michael
S
Hart
hart
pobox
com
Prof
Hart
will
answer
or
forward
your
message
We
would
prefer
to
send
you
information
by
email
The
Legal
Small
Print
Three
Pages
START
THE
SMALL
PRINT
FOR
PUBLIC
DOMAIN
EBOOKS
START
Why
is
this
Small
Print
statement
here
You
know
lawyers
They
tell
us
you
might
sue
us
if
there
is
something
wrong
with
your
copy
of
this
eBook
even
if
you
got
it
for
free
from
someone
other
than
us
and
even
if
what
s
wrong
is
not
our
fault
So
among
other
things
this
Small
Print
statement
disclaims
most
of
our
liability
to
you
It
also
tells
you
how
you
may
distribute
copies
of
this
eBook
if
you
want
to
BEFORE
YOU
USE
OR
READ
THIS
EBOOK
By
using
or
reading
any
part
of
this
PROJECT
GUTENBERG
tm
eBook
you
indicate
that
you
understand
agree
to
and
accept
this
Small
Print
statement
If
you
do
not
you
can
receive
a
refund
of
the
money
if
any
you
paid
for
this
eBook
by
sending
a
request
within
days
of
receiving
it
to
the
person
you
got
it
from
If
you
received
this
eBook
on
a
physical
medium
such
as
a
disk
you
must
return
it
with
your
request
ABOUT
PROJECT
GUTENBERG
TM
EBOOKS
This
PROJECT
GUTENBERG
tm
eBook
like
most
PROJECT
GUTENBERG
tm
eBooks
is
a
public
domain
work
distributed
by
Professor
Michael
S
Hart
through
the
Project
Gutenberg
Association
the
Project
Among
other
things
this
means
that
no
one
owns
a
United
States
copyright
on
or
for
this
work
so
the
Project
and
you
can
copy
and
distribute
it
in
the
United
States
without
permission
and
without
paying
copyright
royalties
Special
rules
set
forth
below
apply
if
you
wish
to
copy
and
distribute
this
eBook
under
the
PROJECT
GUTENBERG
trademark
Please
do
not
use
the
PROJECT
GUTENBERG
trademark
to
market
any
commercial
products
without
permission
To
create
these
eBooks
the
Project
expends
considerable
efforts
to
identify
transcribe
and
proofread
public
domain
works
Despite
these
efforts
the
Project
s
eBooks
and
any
medium
they
may
be
on
may
contain
Defects
Among
other
things
Defects
may
take
the
form
of
incomplete
inaccurate
or
corrupt
data
transcription
errors
a
copyright
or
other
intellectual
property
infringement
a
defective
or
damaged
disk
or
other
eBook
medium
a
computer
virus
or
computer
codes
that
damage
or
cannot
be
read
by
your
equipment
LIMITED
WARRANTY
DISCLAIMER
OF
DAMAGES
But
for
the
Right
of
Replacement
or
Refund
described
below
Michael
Hart
and
the
Foundation
and
any
other
party
you
may
receive
this
eBook
from
as
a
PROJECT
GUTENBERG
tm
eBook
disclaims
all
liability
to
you
for
damages
costs
and
expenses
including
legal
fees
and
YOU
HAVE
NO
REMEDIES
FOR
NEGLIGENCE
OR
UNDER
STRICT
LIABILITY
OR
FOR
BREACH
OF
WARRANTY
OR
CONTRACT
INCLUDING
BUT
NOT
LIMITED
TO
INDIRECT
CONSEQUENTIAL
PUNITIVE
OR
INCIDENTAL
DAMAGES
EVEN
IF
YOU
GIVE
NOTICE
OF
THE
POSSIBILITY
OF
SUCH
DAMAGES
If
you
discover
a
Defect
in
this
eBook
within
days
of
receiving
it
you
can
receive
a
refund
of
the
money
if
any
you
paid
for
it
by
sending
an
explanatory
note
within
that
time
to
the
person
you
received
it
from
If
you
received
it
on
a
physical
medium
you
must
return
it
with
your
note
and
such
person
may
choose
to
alternatively
give
you
a
replacement
copy
If
you
received
it
electronically
such
person
may
choose
to
alternatively
give
you
a
second
opportunity
to
receive
it
electronically
THIS
EBOOK
IS
OTHERWISE
PROVIDED
TO
YOU
AS
IS
NO
OTHER
WARRANTIES
OF
ANY
KIND
EXPRESS
OR
IMPLIED
ARE
MADE
TO
YOU
AS
TO
THE
EBOOK
OR
ANY
MEDIUM
IT
MAY
BE
ON
INCLUDING
BUT
NOT
LIMITED
TO
WARRANTIES
OF
MERCHANTABILITY
OR
FITNESS
FOR
A
PARTICULAR
PURPOSE
Some
states
do
not
allow
disclaimers
of
implied
warranties
or
the
exclusion
or
limitation
of
consequential
damages
so
the
above
disclaimers
and
exclusions
may
not
apply
to
you
and
you
may
have
other
legal
rights
INDEMNITY
You
will
indemnify
and
hold
Michael
Hart
the
Foundation
and
its
trustees
and
agents
and
any
volunteers
associated
with
the
production
and
distribution
of
Project
Gutenberg
tm
texts
harmless
from
all
liability
cost
and
expense
including
legal
fees
that
arise
directly
or
indirectly
from
any
of
the
following
that
you
do
or
cause
distribution
of
this
eBook
alteration
modification
or
addition
to
the
eBook
or
any
Defect
DISTRIBUTION
UNDER
PROJECT
GUTENBERG
tm
You
may
distribute
copies
of
this
eBook
electronically
or
by
disk
book
or
any
other
medium
if
you
either
delete
this
Small
Print
and
all
other
references
to
Project
Gutenberg
or
Only
give
exact
copies
of
it
Among
other
things
this
requires
that
you
do
not
remove
alter
or
modify
the
eBook
or
this
small
print
statement
You
may
however
if
you
wish
distribute
this
eBook
in
machine
readable
binary
compressed
mark
up
or
proprietary
form
including
any
form
resulting
from
conversion
by
word
processing
or
hypertext
software
but
only
so
long
as
EITHER
The
eBook
when
displayed
is
clearly
readable
and
does
not
contain
characters
other
than
those
intended
by
the
author
of
the
work
although
tilde
asterisk
and
underline
characters
may
be
used
to
convey
punctuation
intended
by
the
author
and
additional
characters
may
be
used
to
indicate
hypertext
links
OR
The
eBook
may
be
readily
converted
by
the
reader
at
no
expense
into
plain
ASCII
EBCDIC
or
equivalent
form
by
the
program
that
displays
the
eBook
as
is
the
case
for
instance
with
most
word
processors
OR
You
provide
or
agree
to
also
provide
on
request
at
no
additional
cost
fee
or
expense
a
copy
of
the
eBook
in
its
original
plain
ASCII
form
or
in
EBCDIC
or
other
equivalent
proprietary
form
Honor
the
eBook
refund
and
replacement
provisions
of
this
Small
Print
statement
Pay
a
trademark
license
fee
to
the
Foundation
of
of
the
gross
profits
you
derive
calculated
using
the
method
you
already
use
to
calculate
your
applicable
taxes
If
you
don
t
derive
profits
no
royalty
is
due
Royalties
are
payable
to
Project
Gutenberg
Literary
Archive
Foundation
the
days
following
each
date
you
prepare
or
were
legally
required
to
prepare
your
annual
or
equivalent
periodic
tax
return
Please
contact
us
beforehand
to
let
us
know
your
plans
and
to
work
out
the
details
WHAT
IF
YOU
WANT
TO
SEND
MONEY
EVEN
IF
YOU
DON
T
HAVE
TO
Project
Gutenberg
is
dedicated
to
increasing
the
number
of
public
domain
and
licensed
works
that
can
be
freely
distributed
in
machine
readable
form
The
Project
gratefully
accepts
contributions
of
money
time
public
domain
materials
or
royalty
free
copyright
licenses
Money
should
be
paid
to
the
Project
Gutenberg
Literary
Archive
Foundation
If
you
are
interested
in
contributing
scanning
equipment
or
software
or
other
items
please
contact
Michael
Hart
at
hart
pobox
com
Portions
of
this
eBook
s
header
and
trailer
may
be
reprinted
only
when
distributed
free
of
all
fees
Copyright
C
by
Michael
S
Hart
Project
Gutenberg
is
a
TradeMark
and
may
not
be
used
in
any
sales
of
Project
Gutenberg
eBooks
or
other
materials
be
they
hardware
or
software
or
any
other
related
product
without
express
permission
END
THE
SMALL
PRINT
FOR
PUBLIC
DOMAIN
EBOOKS
Ver
END