Outline 33: Turtle Graphics

Held: Friday, 31 October 2014

Summary

We explore another imperative model of images, turtle graphics. In this model, we give drawing expressions to simulated robotic turtles.

Related Pages

Overview

Administrivia

New partners!
It's Friday. Please consider what things you would and would not like to do this weekend, and do not feel pressure to behave differently. If you choose to partake, please partake responsibly.
Preregistration starts next week. Those of you who find that you are enjoying 151 (or at least some aspects of CS) might consider taking another course. Those of you who are particularly committed to CS might want to consider more than one course.
- CSC 161 is the normal next course in our introductory sequence. It takes a much more imperative approach to programming (like the ! procedures we've been working with) and uses robots as one of the problem domains. It's taught in a similar format to 151 (readings and labs), although there are also differences (e.g., in-class exams).
- Those of you who are really enjoying the kinds of thinking we do for recursion might enjoy MAT/CSC 208, Discrete Structures, which explores the kinds of math relevant to CS.
- If you're interested in the ways in which you build technologies that people can use, you might be interested in PSY/TEC/CSC 232, Human-Computer Interaction (2 credits).
- If you have strong math skills (at least Linear), you can also consider CSC 262, Computer Vision. In that course, we explore how you take the grids of pixels we think about in 151 and extract data from them.
Since we're having a quiz today, we'll do questions on the reading before the quiz and start the lab immediately after the quiz.

Noteworthy is going to be performing at 9:00 PM at Herrick Chapel tonight (Friday the 31st).
Swimming scrimmage 9am on Saturday
Football (Saturday at 1pm)
Karan's radio show 11pm Thursday nights on KDIC
Evan's radio show 5pm Friday nights on KDIC
Donna's radio show Sunday midnight on KDIC

Modeling the Drawing Process: Turtle Graphics

We've now seen three (more?) models of making images:
- We can use drawings-as-values-style graphics to build composite images.
- We can use GIMP-style graphics to select and then do something with the selection.
- We can manipulate individual pixels
- We can transform images
These models permit us to create a variety of interesting drawings.
However, they do not model how we normally draw, which involves taking pen (or brush) to paper (or canvas).
The turtle graphics approach to describing images provides a simple model for how we might describe drawings.
At any point, the person following the instructions has a pen in hand. You need to give the person information on the direction in which to move the pen and the amount to move it. (That's right, no curves here; just lots and lots of straight lines.)
We separate the two basic operations: You can tell the person drawing to move forward or to turn in a particular direction.
"It's so simple, even a turtle can do it."
What if you don't want continuous lines? You can tell the turtle to lift or drop the pen.
Turtle graphics has been used to control robots that draw.
Note that turtle graphics, much like GIMP graphics, is an "imperative" model: You give a series of commands to the thing doing the drawing.

Disclaimer: Although I knew much of this information, I did crib some ideas from Wikipedia and the Web for these notes.

Turtle graphics were invented by Seymour Papert (at MIT) in part of his development of the LOGO programming language. (1960's and beyond)
LOGO was designed as a computer language intended to help children think better (or at least more algorithmically).
The original implementation of LOGO did, in fact, have a kind of robot (commonly referred to as a turtle robot) hooked up to a computer. Hence, it made sense for the language to have some basic operations for the robot.
As computers became more commonplace, it made sense to simulate the turtle on the screen (since not everyone who had a computer would have a turtle robot).
And it makes sense to show the turtle's path.
After awhile, drawing on the screen became as interesting as (or more interesting than?) controlling the physical robot.
The turtle graphics model has persisted, in various forms, over the years.
Turtle graphics and LOGO are often used in constructionist approaches to teaching. The goal is that students explore freely, starting with a few basic tools and strategies, they come up with their own problems and develop solutions to those problems.

Create a new turtle that draws on a particular image with (turtle-new image).
Move it forward with (turtle-forward! turtle amt)
Turn it with (turtle-turn! turtle angle)
Lift the pen with (turtle-up! turtle)
Put the pen on paper with (turtle-down! turtle)
Additional operations for people who can't keep track of position and orientation
- (turtle-teleport! turtle col row)
- (turtle-face! turtle angle)
- (turtle-show! turtle)
You can also set the turtle's brush and color.