Laboratory: Boolean Values and Predicate Procedures

Experience suggests that students understand and and or much better after a little general practice figuring out how they combine values. Fill in the following tables for each of the operations and and or. The third column of the table should be the value of (and arg1 arg2), where arg1 is the first argument and arg2 is the second argument. The fourth column should be the value of (or arg1 arg2).

As you may recall, in the reading on Boolean values and predicate procedures, we defined two simple predicates, rgb-light? and rgb-dark?. Here is their code again.

;;; Procedure:
;;;   rgb-light?
;;; Parameters:
;;;   color, an RGB color
;;; Purpose:
;;;   Determine if the color seems light.
;;; Produces:
;;;   light?, a Boolean value
;;; Preconditions:
;;;   [None]
;;; Postconditions:
;;;   light? is true (#t) if color's intensity is relatively high.
;;;   light? is false (#f) otherwise.
(define rgb-light?
  (lambda (color)
    (<= 192 (+ (* 0.30 (rgb-red color)) (* 0.59 (rgb-green color)) (* 0.11 (rgb-blue color))))))

;;; Procedure:
;;;   rgb-dark?
;;; Parameters:
;;;   color, an RGB color
;;; Purpose:
;;;   Determine if the color seems dark.
;;; Produces:
;;;   dark?, a Boolean value
;;; Preconditions:
;;;   [None]
;;; Postconditions:
;;;   dark? is true (#t) if color's intensity is relatively low.
;;;   dark? is false (#f) otherwise.
(define rgb-dark?
  (lambda (color)
    (>= 64 (+ (* 0.30 (rgb-red color)) (* 0.59 (rgb-green color)) (* 0.11 (rgb-blue color))))))

a. Test those predicates on a few extreme values, such as black, white, and a grey, to make sure that they work as you might expect.

b. Determine experimentally whether there is a dark color with a blue component of 255.

c. Determine experimentally the largest green component a color can have and still be considered dark.

d. Determine experimentally the smallest green component a color can have and still be considered light.

a. Write a predicate, (not-very-blue? color), that holds only when the color's blue component is less than 64.

b. Write a predicate, (red-dominates? color), that holds only if the red component is greater than the sum of the green and the blue components.

c. Write a predicate, (greyish? color), that holds only if no two components of color differ by more than 8.

As you've noted, the < procedure can be used to determine if one number is smaller than another. Can we do similar comparisons for colors? Certainly. There are, however, a number of different criteria one could use to compare colors.

a. Write a two-parameter predicate, (rgb-greener? color1 color2), that holds only if the green component of color1 is larger than the green component of color2.

b. Write a two-parameter predicate, (rgb-lighter? color1 color2), that holds only if color1 is lighter than color2. Note that in doing this comparison, you should first figure out how light a color is (either by averaging the three components or by using the more complex lightness computation).

Write a procedure, (valid-component? comp), that determines if the value named by comp is between 0 and 255, inclusive.

a. Determine the value and returns when called with no parameters.

b. Explain why you think the designers of Scheme had and return that value.

c. Determine the value and returns when called with one, two, and three integers as parameters.

d. Explain why you think the designers of Scheme had and return that value.

e. Determine the value or returns when called with no parameters.

f. Explain why you think the designers of Scheme had or return that value.

g. Determine the value or returns when called with only integers as parameters.

h. Explain why you think the designers of Scheme had or return that value.

If you are puzzled by some of the answers, you may want to look at the notes on this problem.

You may recall that in problem 2, you explored how certain components can affect whether a color is considered light or dark, and you attempted to find colors that helped you make those determinations. As you know, an important aspect of computer science is taking the informal processes we use and attempting to formalize them. So, let's try that for a similar problem.

Give instructions that someone else could follow in order to determine the darkest shade of grey that is still considered light. In writing these instructions, assume that the precise algorithm rgb-light? uses is unknown. All you know about the procedure is that if it considers one shade of grey light, then it considers every lighter shade of grey light. (Recall that we have decided that a color is a shade of grey if its three components are all equal.)

If someone else in the class has also developed a set of instructions, get their instructions and attempt to follow them. (You should also share your instructions with others.)

The reading included a procedure that used and and or to convert colors to black, grey, or red.

;;; Procedure:
;;;   rgb-bgw
;;; Parameters:
;;;   color, an RGB color
;;; Purpose:
;;;   Convert an RGB color to black, grey, or white, depending on
;;;   the intensity of the color.
;;; Produces:
;;;   bgw, an RGB color
;;; Preconditions:
;;;   rgb-light? and rgb-dark? are defined.
;;; Postconditions:
;;;   If (rgb-light? color) and not (rgb-dark? color), then bgw is white.
;;;   If (rgb-dark? color) and not (rgb-light? color), then bgw is black.
;;;   If neither (rgb-light? color) nor (rgb-dark? color), then bgw is
;;;     grey.
;;; Problems: 
;;;   In the unexpected case that none of the above conditions holds, 
;;      bgw will be one of black, white, and grey.
(define rgb-bgw
  (let ((black (rgb-new 0 0 0))
        (grey (rgb-new 128 128 128))
        (white (rgb-new 255 255 255)))
    (lambda (color)
      (or (and (rgb-light? color) white)
          (and (rgb-dark? color) black)
          grey))))

a. Test this procedure by applying it to some colors you know are light, some colors you know are dark, and some colors you know are neither light nor dark. For example,

> (rgb->string (rgb-bgw (rgb-new 10 10 10)))

b. Try building an image variant using rgb-bgw. For example,

> (define kitten (image-load "/home/rebelsky/MediaScheme/Images/kitten.png"))
> (image-show (image-variant kitten rgb-bgw))

c. Write a similar procedure, rgb-bgy, in which light colors are converted to yellow, dark colors to blue, and other colors to green.

d. Try building an image variant using this new version of rgb-bgy.

a. Write a procedure, (rgb-dominant color), that that converts a color to red if the color is mostly red, to blue if the color is mostly blue, and to green if the color is mostly green. If the color is none of those, rgb-dominant should convert the color to a moderate grey. You may want to use the structure of rgb-bgw as a pattern for this procedure.

b. Try applying rgb-dominant to a variety of colors.

c. Try building an image variant using rgb-dominant.

(and) has value true (#t) because “and has a value of true if none of the parameters have value false”. This call has no parameters, which means none are false.

Alternately, you can think of #t as the “and-itive identity”. That is, (and #t x) is x. When given no parameters, and returns its identity value.

(or) has value false (#f) because “or has value false if none of the parameters is non-false”. Since this call has no parameters, none are non-false.

Alternately, you can think of #f as the “or-itive identity”. That is, (or #f x) is x. When given no parameters, or returns its identity value.